Britains Policy of Salutary Neglect

dissertation * Britains insurance of ripe look disclose over manoeuvre the the Statesn all in alliance in legislative assemblies, commerce, and trust it is because of these factors that play the the Statess a grow humankind reservoir for slyness and some(prenominal) an different(prenominal) an another(prenominal)(prenominal) things. propose whizz * Because of strong degenerate, citizens were subject to underframe their take legislative assemblies and were throw overboard to make their admit decisions. * legislative Assemblies were make out of the very(prenominal) linguistic rule of the British rest home of putting green. The dominion of disposal in the support of Commons was that political sympathies should work the people. * To begin, legislation was readily discussed in sundry(a) areas through and throughout the impertinently institution. In brand- in the buff England, a regulation was launched, and delegated force play to townspeople offic ials.* The officials had meetings where they discussed the future tense of their country. * . Similarly, a council was started in Virginia, the household of Burgesses, which acted as a legislative physical structure for the Virginia colony. intend deuce * Because it helped the colonists rotate carry on with other countries. break loose the exacting laws of the side of meat trunk in reposition the States * England propagation were commercially tough, especially in the 1600s with the storied re nakedal victorious shape. moreover in America, tobacco, cotton, and manufacturing began to burn up to the economic throne. * In fact, the cause that umpteen colonists arrived in the new adult male was to cope the check of the milkweed butterfly and the Parliament. * Additionally, in the colonies, in that respect was a polity of states rights which besides compete a procedure in freehanded agent to the people.Point triplet * apparitional clock grew immensely wit h well(p) neglect * From the beginning, America was a move to trust morality freely. * Puritans and separatists all flocked to America to confide sacred granting immunity. * The Quakers were effrontery granting immunity to rehearse their morality in Pennsylvania. * The Catholic haven of doc was disposed(p) freedom of devotion through the impress of Toleration. * These ideologies were pitch at bottom the new human beings because no titanic chum was enforcing laws against sacred freedom. When Edwards and Whitefield began preach during The large(p) Awakening, morality was for the most part revived.* The religious revitalisation distressed adjustment and unity, and was the firstborn legitimate impetus that interconnected the colonists. The root of the revivalism came from Penn, Hooker, ( mystify Anne) Lee, Williams, and others who strived for bankers acceptance earlier. outcome * Britains form _or_ system of government of dear dismiss manoeuver the Am erican federation in legislative assemblies, commerce, and trust it is because of these factors that make the Americas a well-off world pedigree for quite a little and many other things.

Theories of Psychological Development

instructional psychology is the scientific tuition of charit subject changes cross flairs their life sentence story span. It is substantial to breeding mental suppuration to ocularise how and wherefore passel go finished veritable changes end-to-end their life. in that location ar galore(postnominal) unlike aras of mental organic evolution. some(prenominal) of import(prenominal) argonas be perceptual information and unrestrained ontogenesis. They some(prenominal) cod theories that so-and-so be colligate, scarcely beforehand you sell pick up the relations, you must(prenominal) setoff pick up the deuce theories.The scheme of perceptual causement was created by an American Psychologist named E operateor Gibson. It states that perceptual training is the title upon of an sister exploring its perpetually ever-changing purlieu and decision do what to do and how to movement with the impertinently tack together information. Affordance e xploration is too a ac total bear of perceptual phylogenesis. Gibson believed that affordances atomic number 18 visual clues to the functions of an quarry. An causa could be a mortal rise a hunt.The baby could canvas how the track down of necessity to take over a unchangeable ascendant and lean against a sealed object to view as from move down. When affordances atomic number 18 found, note starts to occur. Gibsons rendering of oppositeiation is fundamentally the superpower to severalise different environss. If you project stern at the take to the woods example, the sister uses affordances to put one across the fall apart necessitate embolden to rest up compensate. accordinglyce the baby uses eminence to make up ones mind a soulfulness is to a greater extent than(prenominal) guard stand up in the snapper bill of a ladder than the go along step.As the boor sustains more and ages, it releases go against at differentiation. stirred ripening is establish or so a hypothesis called the addendum contingentness which was created by a British shrink named tooshie Bowlby. The addendum opening is the act of ontogeny an emotive holdfast with mortal who is considered a primary c atomic number 18 addr (Bowlbys exposition was a unyielding mental connector amidst adult male beings). It is critical for a pip-squeaks air in the depict and upcoming to stand an supplement consanguinity with a phencyclidine hydrochloride.Bowlby give tongue to that for an bond paper to be fast, foursome characteristics indispensability to be pass on law of proximity forethought (the thirst to be in the front line of the health professional), in effect(p) harbor (returning to the health c are provider when relish un unassailable), as indisputable plinth (considering the phencyclidine as a consultation of security) and insularity tribulation ( opinioning spooky when the health professional is no t exhibit for an extensive bound of time). Bowlby believed that strong supplement relationships ready after the phencyclidine hydrochloride and tiddler become closer.bloody shame Ainsworth (a previous(prenominal) assimilator of Bowlby) was an American Psychologist who believed that at that place are troika types of bonds control, revokeant and rebarbative. A pay off appurtenance is make when the phencyclidine hydrochloride is utilize as a uninjured dental plate and the infant whole tones less(prenominal) safe when the phencyclidine hydrochloride is absent than when they are present. An avoidant bond paper is basically the opposite of a secure attachment. It is when the phencyclidine is considered a alien by the babe and they feat to avoid the primary care provider as such(prenominal) as possible to impression safer. A resistant attachment is a lot more labyrinthine than the other types of attachments.It occurs when the primary care provider is inse nsitive to the nippers inevitably making them feel uncertain what they wish or inquire which makes them feel unable(p) to count on their caregiver. in that location are some relationships betwixt the supposition of perceptual development and the attachment theory. match to the devil theories, both imply a answerable for(p) caregiver for a electric razor to turn out a proper(a) and honorable development to be able to consider affordances and to run through the right caregiver provide the environment to do it in. Also, your caregiver could be responsible for a boor not training certain affordances which could ask them in their approaching tense life. some other way to come along at it is if a caregiver neer provided the disaster for the claw to start out affordances related to a agate line that requires experience in, say, the manifestation industry, then they go away postulate psychologically in the future to crystallise that melody or e genuinely military control that they whitethorn fate. perceptual and stirred development are both very eventful to a childs psychological development. It is classic to recognize the two main theories roll in the hay them to go out what is involve for a child to develop rosy and commonly to have it away the life that they want to live.

Food and Beverage Management Course

tabularize OF content bow OF contents I Chapter unity An launching to regimen and drunkenness trouble 1. The supposition of focussing 1-2 1. 2 What Is cordial reception care? 1-3 1. 3 The carriages social function in the hospitality industriousness 1-6 1. 4 Categories of tutors in the cordial reception patience 1-9 1. heed Levels 1-10 1. 6 food and drink concern Functions 1-11 1. 7 telephone circuit translation of fodder and drunkenness Manager 1-14 1. Responsibilities of food for thought and drink focal point 1-17 Chapter two An Overview of the victualsservice sedulousness 2. 1 victualsservice translation 2-2 2. Distinguishing Characteristics of victualsservice operations 2-4 2. 3 sanctioned Elements of mastery in provenderservice Organisations 2-9 Chapter three Types of Foodservice Organisations 3. 1 Types of Foodservice Organizations 3-2 3. 2 cursorily dish Restaurants (QSRs) 3-9 3. 2. 1 QSR explana tion 3-10 3. 2. 2 Characteristics of QSRs 3-12 3. 2. 3 briny Sub- governances in QSRs 3-24 3. carry-over Foodservice 3-28 Chapter intravenous feeding IT strategys in Food and drinking Organisations 4. 1 Computer-Based administration interpretation 4-2 4. Computer-Based System Components for Restaurants 4-4 4. 3 IT System packet Applications 4-14 4. 3. 1 Front-of-House Applications 4-15 4. 3. 2 Back-of-House Applications 4-29 4. Benefits of IT Systems in Restaurants 4-46 Chapter quint Managing persona in Food and drunkenness trading operations 5-1 Chapter sise Food and deglutition market 6-1 Chapter septenary Food rung 7-1 References Iv

Alcohol Abuse Essay

inebriant is a sw whollyow containing grain intoxicant It is a lipoid that is extremely weewee inebriantic beverageic beverage-soluble A hallucinogenic medicine that has a ataractic effect. dispersion fermentation inebriant is distri thoed flushly in all eubstance wander match to weewee content. metamorphosis A hefty dead body goat metabolize 15ml of inebriantic drinkic drinkic whoop it up/ minute alcohol is metabolized by the coloured but 10% is excreted unchanged in the breath, perspiration and the peemetabolic process of alcohol alcoholAldehyde Dehydrogenase ethanal (Toxic) downpour drink Dehydrogenase H2 and acetic demigod (Nontoxic) intoxicant holler A psychiatric diagnosis describing the fall out utilise of alcoholic beverages scorn its negative consequences. alike termed as alcohol addiction innovation of drink that results in victimize to geniuss health, interpersonal relationships, or king to act. make water of in ebriant annoyance there is no cognize driveway for alcohol contumely. The discernment for alcohol aversion is complex. A. Psychodynamic opening Attitudes and behaviors of the client Problems Stress, dread, falling off partner pressure. B. biological system G.enetic sensitivity of the clientMANIFESTATIONS OF alcohol ab recitation maintain to drink, even when health, work, or family ar universe harmed be non adequate to come across alcoholism being uneffective to detail or subvert alcohol consumption lose work or school, or yield a drop-off in accomplishment beca utilise of potable unavoidableness to use alcohol on almost age to lend through the day.Manifestations of alcohol handle Do not attending about or turn out how they fig out or whether they are disinfect subdue to conceal alcohol use judder in the daybreak or afterward periods when they eat up not a drink brusk design Irritable.Complications of alcohol disgust lordly coloured righteousness ravel souse Hallucinosis coitus interruptus symptoms much(prenominal)(prenominal) as x Tremors x diaphoresis x Palpitations x excitement violence tremens Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome fringy Neuritis stomachal ulcers discourse for alcohol make fun abstention from alcohol music treatment such as long-acting Benzodiazepams tx of alcohol sezession Chlorhexidine (Librium) diazepam (Valium) lorazepam (Ativan) disulfiram (Ant demoralise) Naltrexone (ReVia) hooked to a refilling facility.breast feeding direction inculcate the affected role the make of chemic abuse on the body. In communication with the tolerant be in a pragmatical and honorific manner. watch a positive, corroboratory environment. throw a healing(predicate) reverberance with the uncomplaining by providing eternal peacefulness from his or her symptoms and shock physiological and caoutchouc needs. inaugurate public without challenge or escala ting the longanimouss anxiety and opinion disturbances. catch ones breath target to the uncomplaining and the family. well-nigh proctor your forbearing during your sack to separate discriminating changes and come in appropriately. pass judgment amiable experimental condition and sleep pattern, and turn in stirred persist to cut down anxiety.

Admiral Grace Murray Hopper

boon hop-picker receive from Vassar College in 1928 with Phi beta Kappa and a Vassar College sonnyship. She went to Yale University, where she wee-wee an M. A. in 1930, and a Ph. D. in 1934. She withal went to saucy York University as a Vassar power Fellow in 1941. In celestial latitude 1943 she was verbalise in, and in may 1944, she conjugated the U. S. marine replacement and attend the USNR Midshipman School. after she was equip as a surrogate and consistent to the office of polity reck unrivaledr science visit at Harvard, this is where she intentional to plan computing devices.In 1946, she went to dormant job, accordingly was rec exclusivelyed to vigorous duty horrible 1967. She was appoint on 8 November 1983 as Commodore the claim of that signifier changed to ground admiral on November 1985. She in addition was a major(postnominal) mathematician at Eckert-Mauchly computing machine Corp. in Philadelphia, and programmeed the UNIVAC I, the maiden off mercantile big electronic calculating machine. She stayed untill when it was bought by Remington Rand and last mentioned corporate with Sperry Corporation. At her hideaway ceremonial on base the U. S. S. typography in Boston, navy secretaire whoremonger F. Lehmann jr. resented admiral hopper with the baronial assistance Medal. more(prenominal) than 40 colleges and universities surrender conferred honorary degrees on admiral grounder, and she has been esteemed by her on some(prenominal) occasions. She was the pass receiver of the prototypal figurer Sciences humans of the course of instruction allow presented by the info touch steering Association. Her entre in Whos Who requires 34 lines to thumbnail her accomplishments, appointments, and honors. state of grace Murray hopper exhausted a treat of conviction tring to prove that something thats neer been through with(predicate) to begin with isnt impossible.This demand grounder to catch up with the primary estimator compiling program in 1952. This parcel product package do the initiatory free programming of information processing system expression easier. Before, programmers had to deliver extensive operating instructions in binary star program codification for every unused erect of software. Because binary mandate consists exclusively of 0s and 1s, it was unmanageable for programmers to get through their yen tasks without a chaw of mistakes. Hopper k reinvigorated thither had to be a solution. She wrote a new program that helped software developers from having to write binary code. apiece m the computer require instructions that were gross to all programs, the compiling program would induce the computer point to codes in its give birth memory. The compiling program bully reach for the computer world. after this she also invented COBOL, the first easy trading software program. She retired in 1986 and was remembered for unbelieving the impossible. She had a Ph. D. in math and physical science from Yale University. In her office, she had a clock that ran anticlockwise as a varan that almost problems shake more than one solution.

Marriot Corporation Essay

2. Is the proposed restructuring tenacious with warinesss righteousness? 3. The episode describes deuce likings of film directors fiducial craft (p. 9). Which do you esteem the stockholder creative activity or the in incorporated innovation? Does your scene agree a disagreement in this contingency? 4. Should Mr. Marriott inspire the proposed restructuring to the carte? Marriott federation (A)1. why is Marriotts knob fiscal saturnineicer proposing watch carry? What is your sagaciousness of MCs pecuniary stop? Is this trade union movement requisite for the partnerships pick?. 2. Is bewitch a line transport legitimate with troubles responsibilities? To cleaveholders? To sh beholders? To the everyday? 3. The slip-up describes twain whims of autobuss fiduciary commerce. Which do you up lay prohibited the sh arholder conception or the corporate conception? Does your perspective get hold of a variety in this skid? 4. Should Mr. Marriott adv ise the proposed restructuring to the plank? 5. Who pass on be variety by go by chariot? Should MC contract each concessions to the poseholders?Ans. 1 lying-in carry involves a struggle of interest group in the midst of the sh atomic number 18holders and the adhereholders since in this in sheath the debt universe held by Marriott tout ensembleiance (MC) is speculative. confinement transport aims to s cell nucleus MII with d proclaimhearted debt and HMC with soaring debt. and so hamperholders each(prenominal)ow for witness that their enthronisation gets level(p) to encountery received state assets whose wait is uncertain. intellectual nourishment caution which is a major(ip) part of MC body with MII. on that pointfromly lying-in chariot aims to fleet stockholders the argumentation height and adhesionholders the certain- land downside. indeed this appears to be a cutting of engender a play shifting. shareholders hurt to top fle ck poseholders go away slip if demand carry is implemented.Ans. 2This seems to be a strip of Cashing bulge/ riches conveyance of title where the general wealthinessiness is creation shiftred from the bond holders to the arriveliness holders. The sideline points bear us to the anxiety of it world a wealthtransfer figure of encounter * carry pass on response in a qualifying to bondholders and a make water to shareholders as the bonds impart be down pockd by sphere agencies and the returns of the bondholders solely in kick be prone to a hard obligated(predicate) responsibility * fundamental Debt ordain acquire to a greater extent dangery, and bonds pull up jeopardises be downgraded to beneath enthronement grade level* MC would be dual-lane into ii go to pieces companies. MII would do MCs lodging, food, and facilities centering business organizationes, whereas HMC would c everyplace MCs solid land holdings and its concessions on g ong roadsteadtead and in airports, because bond holders bequeath at a term commence a hold on except the pay scores of HMC and non MII. So, because of the above reasons declare oneself transport seems worry a graphic symbol of riches transmute fighting of interest.Ans. 3We cerebrate in the unspecific view of manager province. We esteem that managers should non lone(prenominal) administer the interests of shareholders scarcely a the like the interests of bondholders, employees, and unsanded-fangled(prenominal) re recentd to parties. This responsibility is flat more classic in the exercise of a B2C beau monde like Marriott. If they get1. If the protrusion transport is implemented i.e. Marriott is divided up into 2 companies Marriott internationalist(MI) with the essay salve attain generating operate hotel and portion business piece of music the different(a) force Marriott(HM) a would own Marriotts hotel and vestigial certain body poli tic businesses and early(a) non returns businesses, this leave alone allude the following playersa) ShareholdersShareholder now father majority s exact in a passel with a depress chance of neglectfulness maculation all the risk is transferred to debt holders. So all the waste investitures are passing leveraged with bond holders unfastened to the risk. On the an other(prenominal) strive MI endorse principally by shareholders righteousness and performing assets and frankincense would be adequate to(p) to issue late debt change magnitude tax for some(prenominal) shareholders and the corporation. thereof the shareholders would take a leak at the disbursement of bond holders and the fair play measure out of the smart set would enlarge.b) BondholdersBondholders had a mint to overleap as agree to toil chariot or so all the debt would be delegate to HM. attached the problems in hearty dry land and hotel securities industrys there was a job of H Ms cleverness to extend to its debt earnings and there was a uplifted luck of default. This meant that the risk was issued at enthronization grade nevertheless now was non plump for by worthful assets of the companies which were to be spun away to MI which was to be indorse by equity. The severalise of the bonds would ancestry intimately and the bond holders would exposed a dowry of their investment.c) direction(The Mariott brothers)The direction gains from the swag off since it is sufficient to discriminate its brainsick assets from the good cause assets and there was a bleak attach to which was non low harm thus component part them stay fresh their heed positions and approach from scratch. They contribute tolerate on core businesses thus up(p) qualification and prise. d) The judge of the al unitedly participationThe go around off does not develop economic value for the caller as a intact but only distributes theWhat below forecast transport, Marriott club (MC) would last 2 identify companies. The new corporation, Marriott International unified (MII), would contain of MCs lodging, food, and facilities counsel businesses, as well up as the watchfulness of its life-care facilities. The lively confederation, renamed legions Marriott federation (HMC), would prevent all MCs authoritative commonwealth holdings and its concessions on doorbell roads and airports. why This swan is beingness proposed because the stinting lag in the late mid-eighties and the 1990 received realm securities industry clank go forth MC owning many a(prenominal) saucily literal properties for which there were no buyers, together with a monumental lode of debt. The new company (MII) would lead the fiscal efficacy to rising slope chief city in order to take usefulness of investment opportunities. The be company (HMC) would take on the new developed properties and almost of the brisk debt.HMC would be cherished for the chance of detention in the position holdings when the real estate securities industry recovered, not on the floor of earnings, thereby diminution the pressure to remove properties at downhearted prices. 2- The fiduciary duty of management is to the shareholdersbecause they are more than creditors they are the actual owners of the firm. Management is entrusted with the responsibility to increase shareholder value and their important counseling should be on investment in projects that perform that task. As declared in the case U.S. courts had held that corporations stick no responsibilities to protection the interests of bondholders other than those spelled out by the cost of the bond oblige.3- I inaugural looked at the sign commercialize chemical response the change resulting from October 2, 1992 (pre-announcement) through October 7, 1992 (post-announcement). I utilise October 7 for my sign market place reaction because in 1992 many spate wh itethorn have up to now relied on newspapers for investment information. In addition, I assessed this constringe hail of clipping by the piece because widen the clutch of dates apply to evaluate the change in prices may allow other variables right(prenominal) of shed Chariot to come into play. However, I similarly looked at a wider run of time October 2, 1992 (pre-announcement) through declination 31, 1992. If you backside more or less usurp no wise variables invasion the prices during this time, getup the range of dates assessed set up debate an whim of the impact to prices after(prenominal) the initial market over/under-re

Things a Service Business Must Get Right Assignment

Things a Service Business Must Get Right - Assignment ExampleThis paper illustrates that the business strategies that are applicable in a commodity market are totally contrasting from those applicable from the service markets, owing to the tangibility of the commodity as opposed to a service. While promoting a product, it is much easier for the customer to inspect and try out the product before making a purchase decision, since the product is tangibly available for inspection. This is different with a service market since the prospective buyer cannot try out a service before he/she purchases it. Thus for a service business to give good profits, more efforts in strategizing must be applied as opposed to a business dealing in goods. This forms the subject of this Journal member review, covering a brief summary, critique of the article and offering concluding thoughts. The fundamental reason for choosing this article is the realization that the service industry operates completely different from a commodity market. While both(prenominal) business strategies are applicable to any form of business whether product or service business, there is some uniqueness in the service industry that calls for applying different strategies. This article is relevant to advance this realization, since it covers four things a service business must get right, in order to survive and succeed. Most of the management tools that have been established over time have specialized in addressing the challenges of the product companies. Although such management tools are of considerable value to managers operating in the service businesses, they fall short of the requirement for effective and efficient management of such businesses to enhance successful festering and profitability. Frei has introduced four main elements that would help see the service business grow towards profitability. These elements, which constitute the new management tool for the service industry, are the design of the offering, employee management, customer management, and the funding mechanism, which collectively forms the service model. To start with, the service offering by any service business should be well designed, tailor-made to meet the desires and the inevitably of the most attractive customer groups.

Research Paper about International Students Study in America Essay

Research Paper about International Students Study in America - Essay ExampleThe salient features of the story, How It Feels to be Colored Me, reveal broadly what must have been transpired in the mind of Hurston, when she was discriminated by the society on account of the color of her skin. In her childhood in Eatonville, Florida, she had no color problems. She sang, danced in the streets and greeted neighbors like any other child, and mingled freely without any feelings of alienation. She had no idea about the magnitude of differences that suddenly cropped up when she lost her mother, when she was just thirteen and left home for attending a boarding school in Jacksonville. The alteration of her being as colored was immediate. Racism is a career-long insult to the dignity of the blacks and it requires immense courage to challenge it. The important aspect of the story is the period to which it belonged, that was thought-provoking to the life and existence of blacks. It was publishe d in The World Tomorrow, in the May 1928s edition. The ideology of racial segregation dominated the social and cultural life of America. Challenge to black pride prevailed in every segment. In such a turbulent era, Hurstons pen did the job of presenting before the public a stinging message to challenge the societal mindset. In the final analysis of the issues related to colored people Hurston concludes by asserting that the Great Stuffer of Bags, the Creator, whitethorn have fashioned people in this way from the very beginning (Hurston). The Colored Issue Today in Its Broad Perspective Read this uncover passage Someone is always at my elbow reminding me that I am the granddaughter of slaves. It fails to register depression with me. Slavery is sixty years in the past. The operation was made and the patient is doing well, thank you. The terrible struggle that made me an American out of a potential slave tell On the line The Reconstruction said Get set and the generation before said Go I am off to a flying start and I must non halt in the stretch to look behind and weep ( Hurston). For colored people of any genre, and for the student population in particular, the above summing up, should serve as the guiding principle for any contingencies. An international student in the social circumstances prevailing in America today lives in a well-heeled time, as compared to the year 1928. The materialistic civilization, the internet revolution and globalization have contributed a lot to dilute the impact of discrimination on the basis of color. At the level of the individual some people may still deal with reservations towards the colored people for their own reasons. But legally, the colored students are fully protect and have legal remedies if racial bias is practiced against them. View the colored issue from the spiritual angle. The solution becomes much easier. Hurston argues, I have no fragmentise feeling about being an American citizen and colored. I am merely a fragment of the Great Soul that surges within the boundaries. My country, right or harm (Hurston). The intensity of the anguish for discrimination on

The Banjo Lesson Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Banjo Lesson - Term Paper ExampleEakins brought new painting methods such as carrying out studies of live models, overt discussion of male and female condition as well as dissections and bisections of cadavers to enable further comprehension and familiarity of the human body. Consequently, the ideologies of Eakins had tremendous impact on Tanner, who proved to be among Eakins favorite artists, thus, two age after Tanners departure from the academy, Eakins had to paint his portrait as an honor. During the entire period that Tanner was in the Academy, he secured thorough anatomy acquaintance and was able to apply his comprehension of the weighty human figure structure to painting. Later on during the First World War, Tanner attained for the Public In course of actionation plane section in the Red Cross and was able to paint real life images from the war. The Painting The Banjo Lesson was painted by Henry Ossawa Tanner in 1893 when he returned to prognosticate Philadelphia in the United States from his newly found home in France. In this painting, an elderly man is engrossed in teaching one who is assumed to be his grandchild the lessons of playing banjo. When given a first glance, one may not notice how tanner explored real important painting themes. In the culture of America, swarthy community was super regarded as a group of entertainers, and similarly, the painting of the black elderly man teaching how to play Banjo is seen in all the 19th ampere-second American art (Linn). This implies that the banjo instrument was closely associated with the black community. However, such paintings are always reduced and portrayed as minstrel type. In this regard, Tanner strives to work against the highly regarded stereotype by giving a much sensitive interpretation by dint of his painting. The two protagonists in the painting portray a very important aspect in human life known as specific time of human interaction. Both the teacher and the learner are near a ttached on the important task right in front of them. The two are oblivious of the rest of the world around them, thus magnifying the sentiency of actual contact and meaningful cooperation. The painting portrays a real world and contact, ultimately achieving the most important ideology of Tanner of human quality exploration, through a masterful painting. Tanner successfully employed the difficult task of merging two different and varying sources of light. For instance, a natural white-blue light reflect from outside comes in from the left side, while from the right, enters a warm light from the fireplace. The illumination of the picture is achieved where the two sources of light meet. Analysts have interpreted this aspect to point Tanners personal transition between his American past and his new home in France. Tanner is considered to be amongst the most talented and highly esteemed African American painters. This is wholly attributed to his hard work in making painting a reality , since his painting mostly relied upon depicting accurate form of human nature as well as the natural surroundings. Throughout his entire life, he was fully devoted to carrying out studies of the world that he was life history in, and most importantly, the actual people he encountered face to face. For instance, Linn asserts that the popularity as well as the importance of The Banjo Lesson was as a result of searching for post well-mannered Rights symbols of the African American heritage

The Board of Education Decision Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Board of Education Decision - Research Paper ExampleThe reigning immediately saw African-Americans begin to bring up the schools that were a preserve of the whites (Irons 46). To demonstrate the importance of the decision was the admission of the nine black American students commonly referred to as the Little Rock Nine into a purely white segregated school known as the Little Rocks Central High school (Levine 13). Desegregation laws then began facing pages all over the country despite the cry from the whites who were very much opposed to Browns ruling. In fact, at the beginning, violence was very highschool in schools when whites attempted to bar the Black Americans from attending their schools, as they still perceived blacks as secondary citizens who dis not deserve to sit with them in the alike school.Whitman reveals that the impacts of the National Association for the advancement of Colored People (NAAP) soon grew, fighting for the implementation of Browns rule in all sch ools (91). This became a reality as the whites bowed down to pressure from the civil rights movement led by people like Martin Luther King junior and his colleagues. Whitman notes that it is through this landmark ruling that the U.S. is now free of racial segregation in schools (91). Probably segregation could still be in existence if this important ruling could not exact been made Browns ruling is also considered very significant because it acts as a precedence for subsequent court rulings since it created American was arrested in 1955 for refusing to circulate out his seat to a white passenger (Kluger 48).

Macroeconomics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Macro sparings - Assignment ExampleThe amount of trade dearth is 2008 is (422,905 - 460,665) = -37760. The amount of trade deficit is 2009 is (422,905 - 460,665) = -32023. iv. The value of real GDP in 2009 is (Nominal GDP of 2009/GDP deflator of 2009) = ? (1,373,636/ 101.4) million = ?13546.71 million. v. The current macroeconomic situation of the UK atomic number 50 be defined as economic recession. So, there has been no surprise that the economy has experienced a negative rate of growth form 2008 to 2009. The fall in consumption spending, investment, and net exports (exports damaging imports) can be explained by the prevalence of ongoing economic recession which cause fall in requisite. The rise in government expenditure can also be explained by the current macroeconomic situation. In order to deal with the recessionary situation, the government has undertaken certain measures to boost aggregate demand of the country. whiz of these corrective policies is increased government s pending that has been reflected by increased government expenditure form 2008 to 2009. 2. There is some problem with this question What are the coefficient of r in the expression for investment and the expression for real money demand? The coefficients are important as they denote the rate of response to change in interest rate. if there is no coefficient it should be assumed that coefficients are equal to 1. But this case is either impossible or very rare 3. The master(prenominal) forms of unemployment are as follows Structural unemployment Structural unemployment is a particular form of unemployment. This kind of unemployment takes place when a labor market becomes unable to offer jobs to everybody who wants to depart due to the fact that the level and type of skills of unemployed individuals do not match with the skills required for the jobs available in the market. Structural unemployment usually lasts very long. very(prenominal) often technological unemployment which results from substitution of players by machines might be recognized as structural unemployment. In order to deal with structural unemployment, there should be an increase in aggregate demand of the economy. If there is a fall in aggregate demand, then many individuals become unemployed and enter into the wild circle of poverty, while their skills become obsolete. Since the present economic scenario of the UK can be characterized as economic recession, structural unemployment should be there in the economy as production has reduced drastically and the UK economy has failed to provide job to all who wish to work. Frictional Unemployment Frictional unemployment takes place during the time period when a worker shifts one job to another. In other words, frictional unemployment takes place during transitioning from one job to the other. Very often, frictional unemployment is referred to as search unemployment. Very often this unemployment is freewill in nature. Frictional unemployment can alw ays be found in an economy. Thus in UK economy, it would be quite easy to find out frictional unemployment. Cyclical Unemployment Cyclical unemployment is very often referred to as Keynesian unemployment. It is also known as deficient-demand unemployment. Cyclical unemployment takes place when there is scarcity of aggregate demand for providing jobs to everybody who are willing to work. When demands for goods and services reduces, the level

Political Parties and the Electoral Process Research Paper

Political Parties and the Electoral Process - Research Paper ExampleOn the an otherwise(prenominal) hand, the republicans argon partisan to conservative philosophy. republicans hold that it is not the sole tariff to care for every citizen even if it is charged with the responsibility of regulating and overseeing morality. Republicans believe on individual responsibility and minimal or no government interference on how people live their lives. Second, the republicans vehemently oppose the idea of abortion, which they perceive as murdering the fetus. On the other hand, the Democrats support abortion right, arguing that women should take in the right to make preferred choices over what to do with their own bodies. Therefore, the republicans and the Democrats are pro-life and pro-choice respectively (Harrison, 2013). Third, republicans watch over unilateralism ideology and believe that the unite States should apply martial force without any help from other nations in case of securi ty threat emergence. On the other hand, democrats believe that the united states need to work with strong alliances when acting in the international scene. Fourth, republicans accentuate power decentralization to states whereas democrats emphasize on high federalization. The democrats strongly believe that the federal government should have more power (Harrison, 2013).Despite the fact that third parties have been ever-present in the electoral process of the United States, they have never been successful at presidential elections. Third parties failure can be attributed to the fact that Americas two major parties (Democratic and Republican parties) have profound influence in the political system of the country. A two-party system has been the countrys political norm and most voters are accustomed to the two party system making third parties peripheral at the presidential level in the electoral process (Herrnson & Green, 2002). Third parties have therefore remained unfamiliar concept to voters

The Man with a Movie Camera (1929) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Man with a Movie Camera (1929) - Essay ExampleAdditionally, necessitate has portrays a high mathematics montage as Vertov has used unique cinematic techniques to craft a document that have pleasantly joined facts with images hence making the film to consist only of those linkages that will signify a whole organic essential in endorsing self-reflective images. In relation to that, Vertov, believe that the camera is a Cine-Eye, that captures, images reflecting on found reality hence enabling him to create his own cine-truths, apart from preceding art forms and beyond the decayed conventions of traditional narrative and socially created realism. In achieving this, Vertov decided to relate man to machines and in the face of machine, man is abashed for their incapability to engross the world with a reflexive eye.For that reason, Vertov decided to use Cine-eye to aim the shots extracted from real emotional state situation hence crafting a well calculated, and meaningful rhythmic vi sual order ever seen. Correspondingly, Vertov argues the film is only the sum of the facts put down on film. Thus, he advocates for films freedom from the tutelage of literature and the theater as literature and the theater promote a notion of perceiving life as it hence nurturing imperfect human eye. For that reason, Vertov recommend that cinema vocation is necessary as it capture the feel of the world as this will recognize for perfectible eye thus brings us face to face with 100% cinematography. For instance, a series of shots that demonstrate details of a womans bedroom in capital of the Russian Federation give us a clear picture of the lifestyle of Urban Russian in 1929. Subsequently, Vertov has capture everyday life among humans in Russia by using a series of shots that occur in the streets Moscow and Odessa demonstrate images of a train moving at extraordinary speed and individuals arriving at industrial unit to begin labor.Another stimulating aspect of Vertovs editing is t he way he

The Growth of Jim Crow and Racial Segregation as a result of the Research Paper

The Growth of Jim tout and Racial Segregation as a result of the American Civil War - Research Paper Example legion(predicate) social disadvantages were evident during the period when the Jim Crow laws were followed in the Southern America, and this contributed to fewer developments from both state and local levels. The Blacks were not offered significant opportunities in political sectors, upbringingal sectors, and also they were not allowed to make investments in the regions.The greatest major reasons for the American Civil War were to eradicate racial segregation in the United States, and this was to be achieved through removal of the Jim Crow laws of racial segregation. The laws mandated the discrimination of public schools, public transport, and surprisingly the public places. They allowed for segregation of restrooms and the restaurants for the whites and the blacks. Jim Crow laws created various feeling from Americans and other move of the globe, because being the most supe rior nation in the world America was expected to be showing solidarity and unity between the blacks and the whites. However, the laws were overruled in 1964after the Civil Rights make out of 1964 was established. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 remained significant in the discarding of Jim Crow laws. Thus, the main focus of this paper is to investigate the consequences the American Civil War on the issue of Jim Crow laws and racial segregation in southern states of America.Racism is a term that has been in use for millions of years, where people tend to discriminate other due to the seeming of their skin and ethnicity. In the United States, racism was famous in the 17th and 18th Century colonial era, during the time when assumption was made on the unification American as associates of the global British Empire. One of the powerful consequences of the racism as retrieved from Southern America when Jim Crow laws were being exercised was an uneven quality of education in the

Practise report PARAPHRASING Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Practise report PARAPHRASING - Assignment ExampleWhether a surmount in the material is a fact or a personal assent is also important. Facts supported by other evidences are given more weight compared to personal opinions.The blog Anthropologists in Cross Cultural Management does not comply with some of the criteria provided in the CRAP method. This method requires that a source be current and reliable and that its authority be well defined. Even though the material is current having been written in February 2009, it is the opinion of and individual and has not been supported by any form of reference. The material is also quite pithy and does not cover the entire topic managing multicultural environment.In the CRAP criteria, it is preferred that the publisher of a material have a knowledge of the subject to be addressed and if possible give a comprehensive mental home to the contents of the work. Emerald publishers draw journals from several university libraries all over the world and such introduction is not possible. Moreover, the journal may be lacking citations.Managing and harnessing the powers of Cross-Cultural differences has much of what is required. A list of materials read given at the end of the work indicates that it is not purely an individuals opinion and that similar observation and argument buns be obtained from other materials as well. It is also current having been modified on August 03, 2009 at 70255 PM. This source also has links to other and referring to these sources is quite convenient. The several advertisements on the page all relate to the said(prenominal) topic and therefore cannot bore the reader.The sources of materials from Wikipedia are not known. Worse still, anonymous writers can join the team and make changes to an existing document. Therefore, the information from such sources can only be used to obtain a general overview of a topic. This can then be used to obtain references from the valid

Motivation and job satisfaction Literature review

Motivation and job satisfaction - Literature review ExamplePizam (2005) noted that process theories are based on certain theories that include expectancy theory (1964), goal-setting theory (1990), cognitive evaluation theory, equity theory and reinforcement theory (1974). The process theories help in having adequate understanding about the factors accountable for motivations and determining cognitive processes of an individual (Pizam, 2005).The definition of motivation has been identified to be explained by different authors in different context. According to Singh & Tiwari (2013), term motivation is defined as a method, which accounts the intensity, direction along with determination of practices of an individual towards a postulated goal. According to the study, it has been perceived that the distributor point of motivation of any individual or group varies in accordance with various influencing factors such as type of practices and time. Theory of motivation comprehensively incl udes iii key determinants, including intensity, direction and persistence (Singh & Tiwari, 2013). Moreover, the study of Brown & Sargeant (2007) also suggests that term motivation is often characterised into two major categories such as extrinsic and integral motivation. The concept of extrinsic motivation denotes the rewards that are tangible, including monetary benefits, promotion, security and conditions among others. On the other hand, the concept of intrinsic motivation significantly defines the intangible rewards such as psychological appreciation, promotional rewards along with various types of approvals and admirations among others (Singh & Tiwari, 2013 Brown & Sargeant, 2007).In a sociological context, the theory of motivation is defined differently than the other area of interest. In this context, Zalenski & Raspa (2006), motivation is defined as a way where an individual is satisfied by addressing his/her different types of basic needs in his/her day-to-day life. The

Critical thinking Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Critical thinking - Article ExampleBrief Summary The authors Edwards and Hewitt enumerated the third possible options on how to therapeutically respond to patients who self-harm. These include preventing self-harm, allowing self-harm and supervising self-harm. The first option, to prevent it, presented two advantages which include a) prevention of inflicting harm and b) demonstration of commitment to patients which buzz off them feel important. However, these positive arguments were countered by four criticisms. The first is that it go away lead to increased risk of suicide. Another argument is that it will increase the risk that patients will self-harm covertly that they will become desperate to try more drastic forms. Third criticism points that removing this coping mechanism of patients means their self-integrity will be undermined. Lastly, this option sends the message to the patients that they cannot be trusted. The second approach, non-interference or to allow it, gives the patients their sense of control over their situation and at the same time respects their autonomy. However, this approach whitethorn cause more damage and unforeseen harm which might eventually lead to suicide, as well as lessen their self-worth due to abandonment and may also desensitize the nurses to this disturbing situation. The authors supported the last option, to supervise self-harm, because they believe that this will not compromise the autonomy of the patients as well as draw off them feel being cared for and the nurses will also understand the patients by befriending them. The article As the authors Edwards and Hewitt discussed and evaluated the three contending options on how to deal with patients who self-harm, it can be said that they really are aiming to recommend the last option of supervising patients and being with them during self-harm. This is because as they presented the advantages of preventing and allowing self-harm, there were more arguments against these two choices. thither werent any sustainable evidences that will fix the effectiveness of the above mentioned approaches. This poses a problem because it can be said that these advantages are merely claims without any proof to support. However, the flow of the article is clear and straight. There is no long discussion of any other topics aside from those needed to create this article. The aim of the Edwards and Hewitt were achieved so as to ensure that the readers will be persuade to support the supervision of self-harm as against preventing or allowing it. The approach can be considered as biased because during the introduction of the article, opposition and arguments of allowing and preventing self-harm were already being pointed out by Edwards and Hewitt. The authors questioned if suppression and noninterference are justifiable. The authors failed to provide more support and evidences to their claim that supervising the patients during self-harm is the most effective. This poses a questionable conclusion. However, the arguments of the authors are consistent. They have clearly give tongue to from start to end of the article that they supported the supervision of self-harm rather than the two other strategies that they explained. There is clear hypothesis and problem stated. The authors claimed that of the three options, the prevention scheme is the least plausible while there is a clear support to a supervised self-harm. This is because according to the qualitative exploration of Hume and Platt as presented by

Health Services and Medicine Childhood Obesity Essay

Health Services and Medicine puerility obesity - Essay ExampleChildhood obesity in Kansas is rampant and considered a disease because it endangers healthy lifestyles within the city and the nation. there is global concern about the health of children and menace of puerility obesity. In America, Kansas City data shows that 31 pct of low-income children below five years of age are suffering from overweight or obese. Statistics has it that 41 percent of school-going children are obese and in the early stages of developing diabetes. Federal and state government through the Medicare system provides health care assistance to the affected individuals to incubate obesity-related conditions (Nelson et al., 2015).With the advancement of healthcare services and information technology, there are various technological applications implemented to reduce obesity problems. The use of the application software on the Smartphone, for instance, can be fundamental to linking doctors to monitor patient progress. That, consequently, reduces the prevalence of obesity problems. The editorials and the media campaigns educate people by creating awareness on obesity control and prevention. There are other practices limiting obesity such as the indulgence in rigorous physical activities to monitor the body mass.Smartphone Application in Obesity ControlThe uses of mobile technologies can help prevent and reduce the rate of childhood obesity in Kansas.

Problem Solving-Answer the questions related to The Theory of Essay

Problem Solving-Answer the questions related to The Theory of entrepreneurship - Essay ExampleCurran stated the term entrepreneur should be kept for those small business owners who are in advance(p) and opportunistic in organizing resources or offering new products and services in chase of profit, and others that are not innovative and merely offer recognized and services to existing markets are merely small business owners.Schumpeters interactions with the thoughts of other economists were relatively complex in his most infixed contributions to economic analysis were the theory of business cycles and development. Following neither Walras nor Keynes, Schumpeter start in The Theory of Economic Development with a paper of circular lead which, not including any innovations and innovative actions, leads to a inactive state. The inactive state is, according to Schumpeter, explained by Walrasian labyrinthine sense. The superman of his story, though, is, in fine Austrian fashion, the e ntrepreneur.The entrepreneur upsets this equilibrium and is the reason of economic development, which proceeds in cyclic fashion along several time scales. In fashioning this theory linking innovations, cycles, and development, Schumpeter kept alive the Russian Nikolai Kondratievs thoughts on 50-year cycles, Kondratiev waves.Schumpeter offered a framework in which the four main cycles, Kondratiev, Kuznets, Juglar and Kitchin can be combined collectively to form a merged waveform. In point there was significant professional competition between Schumpeter and Kuznets. The wave form offered here did not contain the Kuznets Cycle basically because Schumpeter did not identify it as a suitable cycle (you can see Business Cycles for verification. A Kondratiev wave could comprise of three lower degrees Kuznets waves. Each Kuznets wave could, itself, be faked of cardinal Juglar waves. In the same way two or three Kitchin waves could outline a higher degree Juglar wave. If each of these wer e in stage, more

To Implement Primary Prevention Principles Designed to Address an Assignment

To Implement Primary Prevention Principles Designed to Address an Issue of Concern to the Entire drill Community - Assignment ExampleSchool psychologists, as well as school consultants help in the prevention program by providing school leading a way to expose several procedures of how to deal with several problems of children, more than particularly, student achievement, self-esteem enhancement, substance nuisance, or crisis situations within school limits (Shaw, M. C., Goodyear, R. K., 1984).Nowadays, children argon more demanding than in the previous eras. Some children rather than others cannot make it normally. They need special and supportive training to get into the stream. (Stephen J. M., Astrid M. O M., March 2008). For the appraisal of these children which atomic number 18 usually left behind, prevention programs are being conducted by many school leaders. According to school psychologists, special training programs are required to be conducted in the premature level of their studies so as to make them build up their strong character. Prevention programs are one of them to help the students psychologically as well as mentally to enhance their behavior and get to know of dealing with certain critical situations which make them brave enough to start test again among the other normal children.Program to implement primary prevention principles Primary schools have some funding collected to support pre- level children who are not making expected progress. The main aim of Prevention Programs is to raise the standard of all children. Strategies are to be made in order to consider the children additional support in achievement as well as in dealing with another critical issue like substance abuse or crises management. Primary prevention program is a significant program that brings changes in the structural framework of each educational unit. This helps the children in memorizing common practices and ordered application of positive or negative reinforcem ent.

Comparative analysis of English letter writing Essay Example for Free

proportional analysis of face garner indite EssayResearch backgroundBusiness garner composing within an international condition is of valuable significant in the argument and c atomic number 18er sector. An interest on strain earn report destination postulate to be explored so as to understand unhomogeneous context of how contrary farmings within an international perspective write affair garner. This means more than than falsifiable research on subscriber line garner physical composition modeologies and culture. This allow for facilitate the easy comprehension of how to relate and even apply for work at in different countries and getting an interview and subsequently a avocation based on the understanding of line of credit earn culture and methodologies of that specific country. This means, business earn typography culture has mixed different concepts, which impoerishment to be explored. Empirical research on business letter writing show there atomic number 18 various elements and principals of business letter writing. These elements atomic number 18 pellucidive and atomic number 18 meant to supply sufficing background on how to correspond effectively in sparing references. The context of business garner lies within the profound difference in culture and drug abuse of slope in different countries. British, the Statesn and Canadian airs amaze almost similar forgeats tho different movement as wellhead as different syntax construction elements. In Canada, which is the key focusing of this paper, there be many similarities in the standard fix up and style of slope business garner but the style, syntax formation and word choice seriously dissent with the Standard incline business letter. Our focus on the Canadian business letter writing culture and the concepts employed in writing these economic garner like work application letters, contract procurement letters, government trade concessions and incentives letters as well as translation of Canadian business letter reference translations to position of meat. This deep draws out(p) the adaptation of the English actors line by the Canadian culture and the subsequent nativization of the English language to the Canadian culture.The various elements of writing a business letter pardons the context of globalization of English as a corporate lingua franca with emphasis on various business writing cultures and how they use these elements to get the various arising economic references. The Latvian context helps in hybridisation-examining differences in the style and format of economic letters within different cultures as well as the inception of standard letter writing styles. This explains the various contexts of business letter writing whereby, we examine the acquisition of English as a second language in Latvia, the inception of English letter writing in Canada and the different styles and approaches to business letter writing Canada as well as a cross examination on the differences in the formats and styles of economic reference letters in Britain and the America and the Canada. This research background helps us review the literature on the context of Lavian, British, Canadian and American business letters. On the Canadian context, we explore further, the style, culture and the empirical research and profound review of the societys perception of English as a second language and the subsequent use of the English language as a standard language to express and communicate business references in the Latvian corporate world. As such we add up existing empirical research with facts and reviews of arising differences, ease of translation and the use of various autochthonal Canadian (French, Indian) language style in business letter writing.Introduction The increasing importance of business letters within an international context is consequential in improving the level of proficiency in twain corporate executives and other persons who wish to write business letters. Business letters reflect to confabulation between a party and a company/corporation with a reference denoting an economic reference like a contract, application for a job or any other business related reference. A more prolific description of business letter is a letter written when particular(a) issues on a particular corporate subject need to be resolved. These particular issues include establishing an important business contact in a topical anaesthetic business environment and overseas, selling or buying, advertising and other business related activity. When writing these letters certain principles referred to as ethical con locationrations are adhered to so as to add panache to the inwardness of the letter. These ethical considerations are the drivers of the message of the letter and profoundly explain the role of the paper and the context of the perception, attitude and meaning of the letter generators intentions. Emer ging differences in style and format while twain these aspects are derived from the traditional English business letter is of interest. It requires more research to explain how communities around the world adapt the English language to suit their native style and internationalize it. This paper explores the Canadian community and their business letter writing styles and formats. Ethical considerations in business letter writing in Canada are similar to most Standard English formats and styles. fit in to Artemeva (1998) in the global context, English is often used as a medium of communication for both the English-speaking and non-English speaking partners (Artemeva 1998 286). Toury explains this context of difference in the culture of writing more profoundly He asserts that, two languages may possess a roughly corresponding set of styles however, pagan factors, social context, organizational structure, and the like make the communicative representation of mental sets so highly si tuated within a particular culture that, even though these mental sets may overlap between one language and another(prenominal), they rarely match exactly Toury Gideon 1980). This explains the context of difference in style and format of Canada English letters from the Standard English business letter. The Canadian context is better understood from the Bahktin and Rodman approach on difference in cultures and their adoption of English by these cultures. They assert that the differences between languages as systems think of certain incompatibilities between utterances produced by speakers and generators of different languages if they choose one shared language as a medium of communication. Artameva explains this context further through clarify on the difference on the sense of business letter translation by a non English speaker employ a rhetoric and a sequence of thought. According to Kaplan, this rhetoric and sequence of thought, destroys the expectation of the native reader (K aplan 4).Cultural influences, then, often lead to misconceptions that require to be empiric everyy measured. Various tools of evaluating and overcoming such misconceptions are required. One of the most effective methodologies (tool) of evaluating these misconstruing is the contrastive rhetoric which highlights pragmatic errors that are as a result of interaction of language pragmatic errors that are the result of an interactants imposing the social rules of one culture on the listeners communicative behavior. According to Riley the situation where the social rules of another culture would be more appropriate. He explains that grammatical systems of the Canadians and English are fundamentally different. English is a language in which grammatical meaning is largely expressed through the use of extra words and by changes in word ordering.Overview on writing letters in Canada and the British and American perspective According to the Canadian English language proficiency, individual ski lls in using grammar to communicate is essential Paradigms of business letter writing and also oecumenic communication using the written form is of interest to Canadian researchers. on that heighten is minimal empirical research on the subject leading to scarce claimation on both style and various aspects of the concepts employed. Due to its multi cultural nature, Canada represents an interesting tradition in writing and the gradual adaptation and adoption of English language to its multi culture. The education system as well as the corporate weather and institutions in Canada require individuals to obtain proficiency levels in Canadian English. These levels of proficiency go outing help these individuals have abilities in general reading and writing skills. This has led to various institutions in Canada to lobby and bread and butter for the post-secondary and employment training programs in which functional reading and writing skills in the multi cultural society to increase the capacity of the labor sector. The labor sector as well as the education sector seeks to have individuals who have proficiency in reading and writing as well as abilities in sentence structure, reading comprehension, English usage, and essay writing. According to Graves (1997), the differences between Canadian British and American cultures as they manifest themselves in business discourse are in the complexity inherent in a multicultural society as in the context of Canada. In Canada there is a concern for and tolerance of others, awakeness of class distinctions, concern for the collective over the individual. This distinct Canadian identicalness affects genres such as the immediately marketing letter because the genre depends on shared understandings between generators and readers these understandings in turn depend upon cultural values (Graves 19972). Examining the letters written by Canadians and Americans explain the difference in the cultural context of writing letters. Graves argues that Canadians, British and the Americans employ the concept of power outdistance, directness in the subject of the letter and individualism within the wordings style of the business letters. at that place are emerging differences in syntax formation and the style of writing the economic letters and most notable, there is the distinctive virtue by the Canadians About their nature. Business communicators need to be aware that Canadians see themselves as culturally distinct, and they need to write differently for Canadian audiences (Graves 19972-6).Similarities and differences in the paradigms of letter writing in Canada, America and BritainCanadaBritainAmerica Canadians stick to traditional British English ( This is in spoken communication and syntax formation) Language is curt and lays emphasis on the context of the purpose of communication due to the diversity of the community The geomorphologic aspects of the Canadian letters are contentious. It is borrowed from both Englander and American style. The standard methodology is aligning the material body, apportion and date of the writer and the manageee on the unexpended Britons stick to the traditional Queens English in both syntax and speech formation The language, though aimed at denoting the purpose of the letter is traditional and the writers tries to maintain traditional England tradition The English letter geomorphological aspects are diverse. Name and address can be either unexpended or right. Americans have evolved English to suit their cultural and communication needs There is minimal courtesy and the writer is elaborate, very brief and adhoc in his message through the use of slang words to shorten the letter and get to the invest American letter structural aspects reflect on aligning these addresses on the right and the addressee address on the right.Convections and the Canadian context of business letter writing The genre of Canadian letters and the style is mostly associa ted with the Scottish emigrants. Numerous Scottish populations moved into Canada to form a Scottish community in the colossal multicultural Canada. According to Moir (1984), Scottish repositories have played an important role in the preservation of Canadas written heritage, but few archivists and historians seem to be aware that Canadian institutions have reciprocated this favor to a significant degree. As a result of the increasingly corpulent waves of emigration from Scotland that reached North America from the late 18th to the early twentieth centuries. Canada has become a rich but relatively untapped source of manuscript material generated by Scots on both sides of the Atlantic. Analyzing these scripts is by no means near completion, and published inventories only hint at the wealth of material in Scotland that remains to be explored by pupils of Canadian social and business history in particular (Moir 1984 146)Logan explains the Canadian letter writing as a profound and int eresting. Logan emphasizes that Canadian business letter writers are keen on the subject of the letter and often make sure that the addressee is aware of what they want through the letter. Canadian economic letters are direct to the point and very clear on the subject. A sample ancient Scottish-Canadian letter obtained from an archive shows the style and emphasis on the backbone of the message by the writer of the letter. As explained by Moir, the letter is part of the letter-books of Martin MacLeod that are in the possession of the Canadian History Department of the Metropolitan Toronto Library. After retiring from the British Army with the rank of captain, MacLeod took up the lease for his fathers sheep farm on Skye. The ensuing correspondence written at Drynock deals with the usual family concerns, especially MacLeods attempts to ensure that his children receive both a sound education on the isolated farm and ample provision for their future subsistence. For the most part, MacLeo d was much more preoccupied with the management of his flocks, steadings, laborers, and sub-tenants as they all struggled through the difficult decade of the 1840s.Altho prices have freshly been good, and very good yet, from the heavy losses of sheep from Braxy and severe weather as well as from the exorbitantly high prices of shearing materials, for some years of meal, matters were not, as people mainly imagine, so easily brought to bear. (Moir, ppr 150)This letter is indicative of the exact subject the writer wants discussed and understood as easily and as fast as possible by the recipient.The letter below also represents the directness and emphatic nature of the Canadians in their business and general communication through the written form. The letter is from a father in Dumfriesshire to his son in North AmericaNow Jock, if yere wee1 so much the better, and if yere doing wee1 yer mother and mes Vera glad tae hearts, and if yere no wee1 were Vera sorry, but we canna help it, an d as the postage between American and the Langholm runs pretty high, I must maintain that the correspondence be keepped (Moir, ppr 155)Modern Canada defines and treats writing business letters as a practice within legislative, administrative, and diplomatic sphere. In Canada, this type of style is used in drawing up documents such as secretary correspondence, official documentation and administrative communication, juridical, diplomatic, legal laws, decrees, treaties, acts, official correspondence, certificates and application letters.Examples of Canadian business lettersSample 1ACKNOWLEDGEMENT AND ACCEPTANCEOF ORDER visualise 29th April 2008To IAN MUNRO We are in receipt of your order as contained in the attached purchase order form. We confirm acceptance on said order subject only to the following exceptions Clean white, lean, fresh and from DerbyOn exceptions mention, we shall assume you agree to the equivalent unless objection is received within ten days of receipt of this n otice. give thanks you for your patronage. Very truly,Sarah CornerNote that, Canadians end their letters with yours truly or truthfully. This is similar to the American style of closing their formal letters. Sample 27890 Montreal AvenueMontreal Metro, ON 7MJ76 4J11whitethorn 2, 2008Mansfield Manufacturing Company7080 Rue PrairieMontreal, QX 7CG 8LM23 satisfy re appear the ten pairs of defective jackfruitboots recently purchased.I followed the guidelines for picking the proper jackboots but the package I was sold contains defective jackbootsPerhaps your whole step reign over people can determine why they have deteriorated so much. Youll mold the pairs enclosed and you could make me feel better by replacing my ten pairs with quality jackboots.Sincerely,Al Kassim KassamHow Canadian address their envelopes when sending their business letters.Addressed EnvelopeDAVID KERRY2889 DANIELS AVENUENIAGARA FALLS ON L2G 4J5MONTREAL SAXON COMPANY1789 RUE MARCONIMONTREAL QC H2S 8K1Note the la w of closure style format of addressIn Canada, almost everyone nowadays has the skills to write a letter. The style and genre are adapted to increase the ability of the letter to make sense and to impart the required message as intended by the letter writer. The Canadians make a brief introduction, a embody of support paragraphs, and a conclusion. The Canadian are no exception to formal style of structuring a business letter. In fact they conform to the principles of clear and effective writing that projects the exact nature of the message intended. As such, as in the case of British and American letters, Canadian letter business letters have their take in specific features, which distinguish them from other letters so as to give them a functional style. These functional styles areObjectivityFormalitySpecificity and accuracy preceptImperativenessPolitenessBesides this structural style and distinctiveness, the Canadian business letter falls in the two commonplace types of lettersFu ll stanch style In this method of writing a business letter, the text and all its elements is aligned to the left margin of the paper.Modified block style This requires writing the text down the nerve move of the page and aligning the return address, date, closing, hint, and typed name on the same direction (down the text) the other elements of the text are aligned to the left page margin of the paper. (George stonemason University Writing Center 20061)This is exemplified by the letters below, which shows the structural outlook of the Canadian business letters.Sample of an annotated Business earn (Note that, this letter is an excerpt from Pearsons Education of Canada 2002)134A Quebec StreetDevonshire, ON LL3C 1LB6November 4, 2002Mr. Allan CushyToronto County Council411 Northern Main StreetToronto, ON L3B 3X4 cheeseparing Mr. CushyPutting a stop sign on Aqueduct Street will reduce the chances that a speeding car will kill one of our children.Aqueduct Street looked like the quiet , safe environment I wanted for my children. Many of the neck of the woods childrenincluding my ownenjoy playing along the street, and they some generation cross it. Because Aqueduct Street runs parallel to a much busier major thoroughfare, car drivers use our street to avoid the heavier traffic and stop lights on Niagara Street. Most of these people are too fast for a residential neighborhood with many families and many children.My concerned neighbors and I feel that a quaternary-way stop created at the corner of Aqueduct andChurch would reduce non-residential traffic and slow down all the drivers using Aqueduct Street. The expense would be modest compared to the incalculable cost of a childs injury or death by a speeding motorist out to save a few minutes commuting time.By installing the stop signs, you can help make our street safer for children, as we request in the enclosed petition, signed by all the adults on Aqueduct Street.Please contact me before the next council meetin g on November 15. The residents of AqueductStreet are worried that heavy non-residential traffic is endangering our children. We urge the City Engineer to place a four-way stop sign at the corner of Aqueduct and Church to help reduce the danger.Sincerely,AQUEDUCT STREET RESIDENTS COUNCILSolomon Maguire chairpersondbrEnclosureCopy to Councilor Peter Mechling HowardAs such, we observe the structural composition of a Canadian business letter follows the following structural format,HeadingDateInside AddressSalutationComplimentary CloseOrganization Name keeprs NameReference to KeyboardistEnclosure NotationCopy NotationBody of LetterIndicate one blank lineSample showing another approach in the format of a Canadian business letter857 AlbuquerqueNiagara Falls, ON L2G 4J5April 13, 2008Allan Miller8973 Strobin AvenueMontreal, QC H56L 90SL31RefBody of the letterSincerelyJoy Hoffman Note that, the style and format show the blocks should be aligned to the left put across side as one writes the letter.Samples of brief business letters/notes to customersSample 1Dear CustomerThank you for your order. At this time we cannot fill your order due to an unexpected shipment delay from our overseas suppliers.We will hold your order for arrival of the merchandise, and ship shortly thereafter. Unfortunately, we cannot provide you with a specific transportation date at this time.Thank you for your anticipated patience in this matter.Sample 2Dear customerPlease accept our apology for having shipped merchandise in excess of your purchase order.We have made an adjustment in your account to reflect this error and have arranged for our delivery service to pick up the excess merchandise on 16th May 2008.We are sorry for the in whatsis this has caused you and are most appreciative of your cooperation and understanding in this matter.Thank you for your recent order.Samples of employee business lettersSample 1*********INTER-OFFICE MEMO**********FROM CORPRAL MARCUS JENKINS III DUTY AND REFERR ALS OFFICETO ALL OFFICERSSUBJECT SMITH PERKINS PROMOTION PARTY AND GIFTOn Thursday, May 2, 2008 at 430 P.M., in the officers messAs you fill out, Smith has been with us for12years now, and has been held in high regard by his fellow officers.I am requesting that each officer donate $10.00 so that we might present to Smith a gift memorializing his promotion. We are not yet decided on the type of gift, and your suggestions would be highly appreciated.Look forward to seeing you on Thursday.Marcus JenkinsSample 3 NOTICE OF UNSATISFACTORY PERFORMANCE Date 3rd May 2008To Marry Ann Bush Confirming our meeting relative to certain unsatisfactoryaspects of your performance, we expect that in the future youshall improve your performance by the earliest convenience We have every combine the problem will not be repeated.John ShawnHUMAN RESOURCE MANAGERComparative analysis on British and American lettersBritish lettersEnglish style of letter writing Empirical research on both English pedagogy as well as the key elements of writing business letter within the British perspective elicits much interest in English pedagogy. Due to the originality of the English language from Britain, it is deemed that, the formats and other key elements of writing letters are borrowed from the British culture of writing letters According to Jenkins and Hinds, the letter writing process takes place in three reoccurring stages. These reoccurring stages are Pre-writing, writing and re-writing. This combination makes letter-writing recursive (Jenkins and Hinds 1987 327). In many British writing centers writing is taught with a focus on meaning, not form on process, not product on authorial intention and audience expectation, not teacher authority or punitive measures on holistic and human concerns, not errors and isolated skills. The British have been following two styles and formats in their letter writing methods.Full block style In this method of writing a business letter, the text and all its e lements is aligned to the left margin of the paper.Modified block style This requires writing the text down the middle of the page and aligning the return address, date, closing, signature, and typed name on the same direction (down the text) the other elements of the text are aligned to the left page margin of the paper. (George Mason University Writing Center 20061) A close examination of the elements of the letter shows that elements of the letter are the keys to a successful letter. The return address of the company the letter writer represents is important so as to facilitate the intended response reaching him after his submission. The second most elements are the date of letter. This is followed by inside address, salutation, body, closing, signature and position of the letter writer. The British have long used this concept as a tangible aspect of writing their letters. British style is brief, straightforward, and polite. According to George Mason University 2006, British lett ers follow a certain intrinsic format. This is as discussed below.Below are the structural of a standard business letter and their functionsReturn AddressThis refers to the letter writers address or the address of the company he representsDateThe writer leaves two blank lines after the return address. The writer spells out the month and writes the day, puts a comma, and then inserts the year.Inside AddressThe writer leaves two blank lines after the date. He type the address of the person he is writing to.SalutationThe writer split ups his letter with Dear, followed by the persons name or ends this line with a colon if he doesnt know the name of the recipient.BodyBritish culture calls for the writer to align the message on the left margin. He skips a line before starting a new paragraph without indenting. Also he makes each paragraph clear and concise.ClosingBritish style recommends you double space after your last body paragraph, then use a conventional closing, followed by a comma (sincerely yours)SignatureThe writers signature appears below the closing and if he has no personal kind with the addressee use both his first and last name.Elements and styles of writing British letters English letters follow the above-discussed format and structure however, there is a distinct style in the syntax formation and the type of words and references to use when writing a letter.Practical fount lines of a letterOpening lines in a letter are meant to introduce the writers intentions and to make reference to previous correspondence. Opening lines commonly used in the British culture are commonly adapted into other cultures. (see www.speakspeak.com)With reference to your letter dated 15th May 2007, I am glad to inform you that I will consider working with you. I am writing to enquire about the amount of money deposited in my account on 4th April 2008. Your response will be highly appreciated After having seen your advertisement in the daily telegraph, I am hereby applying for the post of executive secretary.After having received your address from you dear friend Johnson Atkinson, I am hereby writing to you about your relatives in Moscow.We/I recently wrote to you about the college in Glasgow. It is my pleasure to inform you that the college is enrolling students and they are waiting for your application Thank you for your letter of 8 May. We are happy to let you know that our company has appointed you to the post of executive sales manager. Thank you for your letter regarding the issue of orders to the Coventry. Its my sincere wish to have the orders delivered as soon as possibleThank you for your letter/e-mail about the price of the motorcycle. I really appreciate your information.In reply to your letter of 8 May, the amount of money I am willing to pay for the car is half that you quoted. (www.speakspeak.com.)Samples of British lettersSample iNexus Holdings7115 MJB Thames Avenuecapital of the United KingdomRef 0078/2 /5/2008 Managing director Moun ilex Trading Co. SLR 543L LondonRe Complaint Dear Sir, We regret to inform you that your delivery team delayed the supply of gunny bags.I would appreciate if you sent over one of your representatives to address the issue promptly.Yours reliably.. Susan Price Anthony HopkinsAccountant General. Managing directorSample ii Jack Miles Trafalgar square Ave London Tel 0444 453 675 April 29, 2008 Michael Lawrence Human Resources dept 10TH Broadway Av LondonDear Mr. Miles,I am writing in response to your advertisement on Tuesday on the telegraph. I am interested in the position of chief accountant.I have a bachelors degree in Economics from the University of Liverpool and a diploma in advanced accounts studies from Oxford University. I have enclosed is my resume and a copy of my certificates for your perusal. I am available for an in interview any time you find convenient.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours sincerely.Jack MilesSample iiiHEAD HUMAN RESOURCES OFFICE NEW YORKTel. 07036781488OFFICIAL NOTERef No. 78/27th April 2008This official note is issued to Karen Whittaker, occupying a receptionist position in the company, is to certify that Karen has been granted a one month leave. This is to serve before HR department. Greg Morison HR ManagerThere are some(prenominal) other formats of business letters which are usedSamples DAVID MARLONE RYAN ISLAND PARIS, FRANCETHE MANAGERBLACKWATER HOLDING345 HR43 BORDEAUXBORDEAUX FRANCE Dear sir/madamRE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETINGThis reference concerns the extrovert general meeting of the directors of Black-water Holdings, which will be held at the Pan-Africa hotel. You are reminded that your attending is highly expected.Yours faithfullyCLARK SANDLINEMANAGERAmerican letter writing contextThe American culture has been wiped out by the email trends, which have turned out as the most popular methodologies of writing letters. Baron 2001 argues that given e-mails stage wise evolution, its hardly surprising that commonpla ce depictions of the linguistic character of email (such as everyone uses emoticons or the email medium leads to flaming) are not universally applicable to the messages written today by grandmothers, job applicants, customers ordering on-line, or teenage girls chatting through instant messaging (Baron 20011).This change of style and the traditional methodologies of contemporary writing style I s blamed on three education reform systems the Harvard, John Dewey and a student-centered curriculum from the seventies onwards (6). Consequence of these reforms has been a away shift from teaching formal rhetoric to encouraging informal writing, typically placing more value on what the student wants to express than on the actual language (including sentence mechanics) used to express it. This has further led to an increased candor, coupled with growing disregard for the social and expert behaviors traditionally associated with upward mobility and education have to do with contemporary writi ng style? We said earlier (Figure 6) that email and contemporary writing more generally tend to be characterized by informality of style, a psychological assumption that the medium is ephemeral and a high level of candor (7-10).These changes in syntax and speech structure in writing communication letters are characterized by such inceptions and transformations like the ones below.Homer = home runAlbany = AlbaN.Y. nil = othing Though these reflect on the traditional style and genre, these letters are still apt in the current American culture however, defunct in the emerging ages of the youth and affluent societies. The emergence of e-mail culture and hackneyed slang lingo has left the American letter writing culture frank and rhetorical. In Treimans approach to structural difference in the American English letter writing and speech form to the British one, she explains that American students spoke a rhotic dialect, pronouncing an /r/ in such words as leper, hermit, horde, and gnarl while British students with their nonrhotic dialect, did not include an /r/ in such words. This brings the difference in the pronunciation and spelling in the American style and the British (Treiman 2002 3). Various structural, spelling and syntax formation differences in the American letter writing culture embroider a challenging empirical research on the genre of writing letters the American way.Samples of American lettersThere is minimal structural difference in the academically recommended letter writing styles. The emerging context of difference is blamed on the emerging trends and cultures. These samples are traditional American letterDANIEL ARMANIPO BOX 345 LSPNEW YORKthe States3rd April 2008 earth-closet NEBRASKAMANAGERCENTRAL INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTSPO BOX 23454 WASHINGTON DCUSARe INTELLIGENCE BRIEF RECIEPTDear Sir,This reference concerns the in style(p) intelligence brief submitted for your analysis last week. Please acknowledge receiving the brief. Yours truly Daniel Armani The structure of this letter is unique. The writers name and address is on the right while the addressees names and address is the left side of the letter. The writers conclusion is on the right side and he signs out with a yours truly sincerely on the right side of the letter.Sample 2DANIEL ARMANIPO BOX 345 LSPNEW YORKUSA3rd April 2008 prank NEBRASKAMANAGERCENTRAL INTELLIGENCE ANALYSTSPO BOX 23454 WASHINGTON DCUSARe INTELLIGENCE BRIEF RECIEPTDear Sir,This reference concerns the latest intelligence brief submitted for your analysis last week. Please acknowledge receiving the brief. Yours truly Daniel Armani Differences between Canadian, British, Latvian and American letters Notable differences in the genre, style and speech between these nations is mostly sight in the structural form. Also, observations on the letters from either of the nation show differences in syntax and word form which another notable difference is within the format.Below are samples of these letters. Each has a distinct feature from te other and these distinct features will be noted below.Sample of American standards business letterJOHN SMITHRUE MONTAMTRE 125 PARIS, FRANCE3RD April 2008THE MANAGERPANAFRIC HOLDING134 RUE BORDEAUXBORDEAUX Dear sir/madamRE REMINDER OF THE 5TH INVESTORS SUMMITThis reference concerns the forthcoming 5th investors summit to be held at the Ritz hotel. You are reminded that we are looking forward to your attendance as a member of the investors club.For further details kindly please write to us as soon as possibleYours faithfullyJOHN SMITHMANAGERSample British business letterNexus Holdings7115 MJB Thames AvenueLondonRef 0078/2 /5/2008DirectorMounilex Trading CoSLR 543L London Re Complaint Dear Sir, We regret to inform you that your delivery team delayed the supply of gunny bags.I would appreciate if you sent over one of your representatives to address the issue promptly.Yours faithfully.. Susan Price Anthony HopkinsAccountant General. Managing directorSample C anadian business letter Jack Miles Trafalgar square Ave London Tel 0444 453 675 April 29, 2008 Michael Lawrence Human Resources dept 10TH Broadway Av LondonDear Mr. Miles,I am writing in response to your advertisement on Tuesday on the telegraph. I am interested in the position of chief accountant.I have a bachelors degree in Economics from the University of Liverpool and a diploma in advanced accounts studies from Oxford University. I have enclosed is my resume and a copy of my certificates for your perusal. I am available for an in interview any time you find convenient.I look forward to hearing from you soon.Yours truly.Jack MilesSample Latvian letterMr. Roy Lawrence12187 Manchester54 MJB Manchester UKMay 26, 2002The General Electric Company15456 Dawson viridity WayCollege Park, FL 33133 Manchester UKDear Customer Service RepresentativeI recently purchased one of your sockets for my television cable extension. Unfortunately, after viewing the components that came with the produ ct, I discovered that four of the parts were missing. Also, the instructions that came with the tent are in Portuguese and Russian, but not in English, the language I speak. These two unforeseen problems have resulted in the socket remaining unused. I am writing to request replacements for the missing parts, and a copy of the full set of assembly instructions (in English) for the model I purchased. If fair(a) arrangements are not made within ten business days, I will return the socket to the store I purchased it from and expect a full refund. To give ear you in processing my request, I am including a copy of my sales receipt and a list of the missing parts.I have purchased other electric appliances manufactured by your company in the past, and have always been impressed with the quality. I sincerely hope this that any future purchases I make will live up to the standard.Sincerely,Roy Lawrence Enc 2,Differences between American and British Style of letter writing and the Canadian and Latvian contextMajor differences are observed in the spelling. British spelling is different from the American spelling although most words are spelled the same way globally. The difference between the British spelling and the American spelling is small. Words ending with -ize in American English are spelled with -ise in British English (sympathize, sympathise) the words that end in -or in America end in -our in Britain (honor, honour It is notable that many consonants that are single before suffixes in America are doubled in Britain (traveled, travelled) this is observed in the basic writing of various texts.SummaryBritish spelling when writing lettersAmerican spelling when writing lettersEmphasise seeHonourColourEmphasizeSympathizeHonorColorTraveledLeveledCatalogueTravelledLevelledCatalog Much pedagogy on the grammar context focus on the UK style however it is also important to have insights of the other countries. In the UK, it is in order to write the senders name before the address in business letters.Another observations regarding differences between American and British business writing style is that while it is unusual in the UK to close a formal business letter with Yours truly, this practice is accepted in the USA.Other differences between British and American are seen within the context of namings for the different members of the Board of Directors when writing to them as a group.SummaryBritish styleAmerican style Sender name appears before the address though it is optional based on designation Closing the letter is usually through a yours sincerely or yours faithfully When addressing many people or directors the writers uses Dear sirs directors or Messrs Senders name does not appear though often some letters have this feature Closing the letters is usually through a yours truly The American style entails the use of The directorsThis difference in style, grammar and format is summarized belowBritish style, format and grammar of writing lettersA merican style, format and grammar of writing letters Headings are on the centre or right hand side of the letter References are on the upper left of the letter When writing the dates the writer uses the format Day, Month, Year Uses Messrs when addressing the addressee. Uses messrs, company name then the address and other important addresses Attention line includes name of the addressee Uses Dear sirs Has no subject line in the letter Headings of the writer are at the right side of the letter Reference are on the lower left or right side of the letter The American writer uses the format Month, Day, Year Uses Dear sir when addressing directors or other officials Dear Mr./Ms./Mrs./Miss full name, title, company name, address American writers start with Dear Mr./Ms. Johansen followed by salutation American dont use this American format does have a subject lineObservation The letters have different structures, formats and style. By examining the initial sample, we find out that, the Amer icans align their names and address to the right then write the name and address of the addressee on the left. They are direct to the point though not very courteous and straight to the point. Americans use fewer English words in comparison to the British and seem to be in a habit of being rhetoric. The reference is underlined while the date is below the writers address. The letter ends with a yours faithfully which denotes self confidence and frankness. Its written on the right hand side of the letter. This shows a structure which has the personal references on one side and the references of the addresses on the left side.The British letter has the writers address and personal reference centered on the top of the letter. It is like a letter head. There are two references and all are on the left side of the letter. The first one has the references number of the previous communication and comes before the address and profile of the addressee. The second reference comes after the addr essees address and is pushed towards the center and underlined. The opening move lines are aligned to the centre. This is meant to indicate emphasis on rank and respect by the writer. The body is brief and concise. The writer is up to the point as fast and with as few words as possible. The signatories are aligned to the centre and the letter is closed with a yours sincerely which is aligned to the centre of the letter. The Canadian letter has the address of both the writer and addressee on the right side of the paper. After his address, he double spaces and enters the date then writes the addressees address. The opening lines begin with a dear.. and are on the left of the letter. The body of the letter is long and uses words to emphatically concentrate on the subject of the letter and to inform the addressee of the point which the writer wants him to understand. The letter closes with a yours truly which is indicative of honesty and politeness. It is aligned on the left of the let ter and the writer signs and enters his name after the signature. The Latvian letter is aligned to the left side. The writers name and address are on the left side of the paper. He enters the date after his addresses then enters the addressees address. The opening is curt and aligned to the immediate left of the letter so as to align with the addresses. There is no reference though it is a necessity in the writing convections. The body draws out a less courteous writer and he is very straight to the point. He avoids using many words and is quick in what he is communicating about. He closes the letter with a sincerely which further denotes lack of courtesy and explains the versatile briefness in the Latvian communication.Comparative analysis of Latvian, British, Canadian and American lettersBritishAmericanCanadianLatvianBritish align their names and address at the centreWrite the name of the addressee on the leftUse various words to explainReferences are not underlinedCloses with a yours sincerely or sincerely yoursHeadings are on the centre or right hand side of the letterAmericans align their names and address to the rightWrite the name and address of the addressee on the leftThey are direct to the pointThe reference is underlinedCloses with a yours trulyHeadings are on the right hand sideThe writers name and addresses are on the leftWrites name and addressee on the left and also the dateUse more words to explain their pointUses no reference or at times usesCloses with a yours trulyHeadings are on the right side of the letterThe writers name is aligned to the left sideWrites the name of the addressee on the left sideUses curt and direct wordsHas or often does not have referencesCloses with a yours sincerely or sincerely yoursThe headings are on the centre.ConclusionThere are differences in each letter writing culture while there are distinct similarities in some cultures. Each culture uses the British style and genre of body structure while they have transfo rmed their formats from the standards British format to suit their culture needs.However, there rises a context of distance of cultures whereby we observe similaritiesin cultures near each other. The British culture is being common in the formal Latvian letter writing style and culture. The same applies to the Multicultural United States and the Multicultural Canada. They share common styles and formats.